High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The al-'awasim was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Ummayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia. It was established in the early 8th century, once the first wave of the Muslim conquests ebbed, and lasted until the late 10th century, when it was overrun by the Byzantine advance. It comprised the forward marches, comprising a chain of fortified strongholds, known as the al-thughur, and the rear or inner regions of the frontier zone, which was known as the al-'awasim proper. On the Byzantine side, the Muslim marches were mirrored by the institution of the kleisourai districts and the akritai border guards. The term thughur was also used in the marches of al-Andalus and Mawara al-Nahr, and survived in historical parlance, to be revived by the Egyptian Mamluks in the 14th century, when the areas traditionally comprising the 'awasim and thughur in northern Syria and the northern Euphrates region came under their control.

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