High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Most scientists and governments say they agree that animal testing should cause as little suffering as possible, and that alternatives to animal testing need to be developed. The "three Rs", first described by Russell and Burch in 1959, are guiding principles for the use of animals in research in many countries: 1. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. 2. Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. 3. Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals still used.

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