Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Basic oxygen steelmaking is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon content of the alloy and changes it into low-carbon steel. The process is known as basic due to the pH of the refractories - calcium oxide and magnesium oxide - that line the vessel to withstand the high temperature of molten metal. The process was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST and OAMG. The LD converter, named after the Austrian towns Linz and Donawitz is a refined version of the Bessemer converter where blowing of air is replaced with blowing oxygen.

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