High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Bipolar cylindrical coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system that results from projecting the two-dimensional bipolar coordinate system in the perpendicular z-direction. The two lines of foci F1 and F2 of the projected Apollonian circles are generally taken to be defined by x = ? a and x = + a, respectively, (and by y = 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system. The term "bipolar" is often used to describe other curves having two singular points (foci), such as ellipses, hyperbolas, and Cassini ovals. However, the term bipolar coordinates is never used to describe coordinates associated with those curves, e.g., elliptic coordinates.

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