High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Birtoxin is a neurotoxin from the venom of the South African Spitting scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus). By changing sodium channel activation, the toxin promotes spontaneous and repetitive firing. Birtoxin only affects mammals. No effect is found on reptiles, insects or fish. In experiments performed on mice, symptoms like convulsions, continuous urination, tremors and tachypnea occurred 10 minutes after injection and increased during 30 minutes. An injection of 1 g of birtoxin resulted in severe neurotoxic effects for 24 h, but this dose is not lethal to mice. LD99 in mice is achieved at 2 g. An antibody against the N-terminus of the birtoxin protein structure has been shown to neutralize the venom of the South African spitting scorpion, and such antibodies may be useful clinically to treat envenomation.

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