Cherem is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is a form of shunning, and is similar to excommunication in the Catholic Church. Cognate terms in other Semitic languages include the Arabic term ?ar?m (forbidden, taboo, off-limits, sacred or immoral), and the Ethiopic `irm (meaning accursed). The most famous (for Gentiles) case of a cherem is that of Spinoza, a seventeenth century philosopher.

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