Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In software engineering, a circular dependency is a relation between two or more modules which either directly or indirectly depend on each other to function properly.Circular dependencies are natural in many domain models where certain objects of the same domain depend on each other. However, in software design circular dependencies between larger software modules are considered an anti-pattern because of their negative effects.Circular dependencies can cause many unwanted effects in software programs. Most problematic from a software design point of view is the tight coupling of the mutually dependent modules which reduces or makes impossible the separate re-use of a single module.

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