Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The Comstock-Needham system is a naming system for insect wing veins, devised by John Comstock and George Needham in 1898. It was an important step in showing the homology of all insect wings. This system was based on Needham's pretracheation theory that was later discredited by Frederic Charles Fraser in 1938.The Comstock and Needham system attributes different names to the veins on an insect's wing. From the anterior (leading) edge of the wing towards the posterior (rear), the major longitudinal veins are named :costa C, meaning rib, subcosta Sc, meaning below the rib, radius R, in analogy with a bone in the forearm, the radius, media M, meaning middle, cubitus Cu, meaning elbow, anal veins A, in reference to its posterior location. Apart from the costal and the anal veins, each vein can be branched, in which case the branches are numbered from anterior to posterior. For example, the two branches of the subcostal vein will be called Sc1 and Sc2.

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