High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher which were identified by Claude Shannon in his paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, published in 1949. In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and involved as possible; diffusion refers to the property that the redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext. In other words, the non-uniformity in the distribution of the individual letters (and pairs of neighbouring letters) in the plaintext should be redistributed into the non-uniformity in the distribution of much larger structures of the ciphertext, which is much harder to detect. Diffusion means that the output bits should depend on the input bits in a very complex way. In a cipher with good diffusion, if one bit of the plaintext is changed, then the ciphertext should change completely, in an unpredictable or pseudorandom manner.

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