Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two variables change together and the covariance function describes the variance of a random variable process or field. For a random field or stochastic process Z(x) on a domain D, a covariance function C(x, y) gives the covariance of the values of the random field at the two locations x and y: C(x,y):=operatorname{cov}(Z(x),Z(y)).,

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