Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized DBMS. It refers to the immunity of user applications to make changes in the definition and organization of data. Physical data independence deals with hiding the details of the storage structure from user applications. The application should not be involved with these issues, since there is no difference in the operation carried out against the data. The data independence and operation independence together gives the feature of data abstraction. There are two levels of data independence.

Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.