Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of difference for interval and ratio variables between the observed value and the mean. The sign of deviation (positive or negative), reports the direction of that difference (it is larger when the sign is positive, and smaller if it is negative). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference. Deviations are known as errors or residuals: deviations from the population mean are errors, while deviations from the sample mean are residuals. The sum of the deviations across the entire set of all observations from the mean is always zero, and the average deviation is zero.

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