In mathematics, especially in applications of linear algebra to physics, the Einstein notation or Einstein summation convention is a notational convention useful when dealing with coordinate formulas. It was introduced by Albert Einstein in 1916.According to this convention, when an index variable appears twice in a single term, once in an upper (superscript) and once in a lower (subscript) position, it implies that we are summing over all of its possible values. In typical applications, the index values are 1,2,3 (representing the three dimensions of physical Euclidean space), or 0,1,2,3 or 1,2,3,4 (representing the four dimensions of space-time, or Minkowski space), but they can have any range, even (in some applications) an infinite set.

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