Product integrals are a multiplicative counterpart of standard integrals of infinitesimal calculus. They were first developed by the mathematician Vito Volterra in 1887 to solve systems of linear differential equations. Since then, product integrals have found use in areas from epidemiology (the Kaplan-Meier estimator) to stochastic population dynamics (multigrals), analysis and quantum mechanics. Product integrals have not entered mainstream mathematics, probably due to the counterintuitive notation that Volterra used. To date, various versions of Product Calculus are regularly rediscovered and the range of terminology and notation continues to grow.

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