Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by U, or sometimes E, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all of the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals. One can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, and is an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat. One can have a corresponding intensive thermodynamic property called specific internal energy, commonly symbolized by the lower case letter u, which is internal energy per mass of the substance in question. As such, SI units of specific internal energy would be joule/kilogram.

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