Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant is a property of a system which remains unchanged under some transformation. For example, the gravitational field of the Sun is invariant under a change of time (from, say, now to tomorrow). It is also invariant under change of angular position. Other examples of invariants include the speed of light under a Lorentz transformation and time under a Galilean transformation. Many such transformations represent shifts between the reference frames of different observers, and so by Noether's theorem invariance under a transformation represents a fundamental conservation law.

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