Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Isosteres are molecules or ions with the same number of atoms and the same number of valence electrons. Some examples of isoteres are sodium and hydrogen carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) sulphur and carbon. The isostere concept was formulated by Irving Langmuir in 1919, and later modified by Grimm. Erlenmeyer extended the concept to biological systems in 1932.

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