Jacques Alexandre CA©sar Charles was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first (unmanned) hydrogen-filled balloon in August 1783, then in December 1783, Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) in a manned balloon. Their pioneering the use of hydrogen for lift led to this type of balloon being named a CharliA re (as opposed to a MontgolfiA re which used hot air). Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Jacques Charles. Charles was elected to the AcadA©mie des Sciences, in 1793, and subsequently became professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et MA©tiers.

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