High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Livens Projector was a simple mortar-like weapon that could throw large drums filled with inflammable or toxic chemicals. In World War One, the Livens Projector became the standard means of delivering gas attacks and it remained in the arsenal of the British army until the early years of the Second World War. It was created by the British army officer Captain William H. Livens of the Royal Engineers. Later, in World War II he worked on petroleum warfare weapons such as the flame fougasse and various other flame throwing weapons. Prior to the invention of the Livens Projector, chemical weapons had been delivered either by "cloud attacks" or chemical-filled shells fired from howitzers. Cloud attacks were made by burying gas-filled cylinder tanks just beyond the parapet of the attacker's trenches, and then opening valves on the tanks when the wind was right. This allowed a useful amount of gas to be released, but there was a significant danger that the wind would change and the gas would drift back over the attacker's own troops.

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