High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Natural genetic engineering (NGE) is a process described by molecular biologist James Shapiro to account for novelty created in the process of biological evolution. Shapiro developed this work in several peer-reviewed publications and later in his book Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. Shapiro uses NGE to account for several proposed counterexamples to the central dogma of molecular biology (that the direction of sequence information flow only moves from DNA or RNA to proteins and never the reverse), drawing from work as diverse as the adaptivity of the mammalian immune system, ciliate marconuclei and epigenetics. The work gained some measure of notoriety after being championed by proponents of Intelligent Design, despite Shapiro`s explicit repudiation of that movement.