There is hardly any topic in the renewable energy sector that is as dynamic as the world of biofuels. Due to growing concerns about CO2 emissions, the importance of the transport sector in everybody’s life as well as concerns about security of fuel supply in Europe and the US biofuels are an interesting field of research. One of the most fascinating questions particularly in synthetic biofuels is the debate about the “ideal” scale of production plants. On the one hand, fossil fuel supply is based on large and centralized facilities, on the other, bioenergy systems are typically characterized by small and decentralized technologies. The question is: Which way to go in biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch fuel production? As the author disagrees with common wisdom that synfuel plants have to be of enormous scale to allow cost-competitive production, an unconventional and innovative process design is proposed that combines small-scale and low-cost fuel production. Consequently, the production based on “polygeneration” and a revival of the historic “normal pressure synthesis” could open the door to decentralized, biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch synfuel technology.

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