The book in your hand helps you gain the insight that photon propagation in tissue and biological fluids is at least as complicated as in galaxies and stars. Two applications (1) optical vessel imaging and (2) monitoring solutes removed in haemodialysis utilising near infrared (NIR) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, respectively, are described in more detail. The first technique offers an opportunity to combine optical vessel imaging and monitoring of physiological parameters. The second method aims to monitor solutes in a spent dialysate in order to detect deviations in dialysis efficiency and estimate the delivered dialysis dose for ensuring treatment adequacy and quality. The last method is nowdays known as the optical dialysate monitor designed to benefit the welfare of the haemodialysis patients in the world Hopefully, those with very little familiarity of the presented topics, as well as professionals, will be encouraged to explore further the amazing world around us, waiting to be discovered.

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