Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In probability theory, a product form solution is a particularly efficient form of solution for determining the equilibrium distribution of a Markov process in cases where it can be written as a product of the equilibrium distributions of sub-components. Trivially, models composed of two or more independent sub-components exhibit a product form solution by the definition of independence. Product form solutions have been found for numerous processes. For example, Jackson's theorem gives the joint equilibrium distribution of an open queueing network as the product of the equilibrium distributions of the individual queues. After numerous extensions, chiefly the BCMP network it was thought local balance was a requirement for a product form solution. Gelenbe's G-network model showed this to not be the case. Product form solutions are sometimes described as "stations are independent in equilibrium"

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