Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A programming language implementation is a system for executing programs written in a programming language. Notice that a compiler does not directly execute the program. Ultimately, in order to execute a program via compilation, it must be translated into a form that can serve as input to an interpreter. When a piece of computer hardware can interpret a programming language directly, that language is called machine code. A so-called native code compiler is one that compiles a program into machine code. Actual compilation is often separated into multiple passes, like code generation (often in for of assembler language), assembling (generating native code), linking, loading and execution.

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