Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In the statistical analysis of observational data, propensity score matching (PSM) is a methodology attempting to provide unbiased estimation of treatment-effects. In randomized experiments, the randomization enables unbiased estimation of treatment effects; for each covariate, randomization implies that treatment-groups will be balanced on average, by the law of large numbers. Unfortunately, for observational experiments, the assignment of treatments to experimental subjects has been haphazard and not randomized; lacking randomization, observational studies frequently provide biased estimation of treatment effects and have imbalance on covariates. In observational studies, the "treatment"-groups (or "exposure" groups) often exhibit imbalance on covariates.

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