Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In biochemistry, a protein ligand is an atom, a molecule or an ion which can bind to a specific site (the binding site) on a protein. Alternative names used to mean a protein ligand are affinity reagents or protein binders. To date, antibodies are the most widely used protein ligands in life-science investigations, however, other molecules such as protein scaffolds, nucleic acids, peptides are also being used. The dramatically increased computing power of supercomputers and personal computers has made it possible to study protein-ligand interactions also by means of computational chemistry. For example, a worldwide grid of well over a million ordinary PCs was harnessed for cancer research in the project grid.org, which ended in April 2007. Grid.org has been succeeded by similar projects such as World Community Grid, Human Proteome Folding Project, Compute Against Cancer and Folding@Home.

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