Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pseudoreplication is a source of error in the statistical inferences drawn from experiments or observational studies. Briefly, the error consists of assigning an exaggerated estimate of the statistical significance of a set of measurements by treating the data as independent observations when they are in fact interdependent. The term "pseudoreplication" was popularized by Stuart H. Hurlbert in an influential monograph published in 1984. To understand pseudoreplication, one must first understand the reasons for replication. At its simplest, replication allows for valid comparative statistical analysis, and, more generally, greater replication gives greater precision and broader applicability as regards any results obtained. At the root of this is the principle that replication will control for unmeasured or stochastic (random) variables if applied in sufficient quantity.

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