Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Public transport in Istanbul comprises an extensive bus network, various rail systems, funiculars, and maritime services for the more than 11 million inhabitants of the city spread over an area of 5712 km . Public road transport in Istanbul dates back to August 30, 1869, when a contract to build a tram system in the capital of the Ottoman Empire was signed. With this agreement, Konstantin Krepano Efendi's "Societe des Tramways de Constantinople" obtained the concession to operate public transportation for forty years. The inauguration of four lines of horse-driven trams was in 1871. In the first year, the horsecars transported 4.5 million people on the lines Azapkapi-Galata, Aksaray-Yedikule, Aksaray-Topkapi and Eminonu-Aksaray. More lines were added in the following years. 430 horses were used to draw the 45 carriages, including 15 summer-type and some double-deckers, on meter gauge track.

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