The QCD vacuum is the ? vacuum state of ? quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non-perturbative vacuum state, characterized by many non-vanishing condensates such as the ? gluon condensate or the quark condensate. These condensates characterize the normal phase or the confined phase of quark matter. Unsolved problems in physics: QCD in the non-perturbative regime: confinement. The equations of QCD remain unsolved at energy scales relevant for describing atomic nuclei. How does QCD give rise to the physics of nuclei and nuclear constituents?

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