Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. English theatre stages in the Middle Ages and early Modern era typically sloped upwards away from the audience. This is known as a rake or raked stage and improves the view for the audience. The slope of the rake is measured by the number of horizontal units it takes for one vertical unit measured in the direction of the slope. A rake of one horizontal unit to one vertical unit (1 in 1), would give an angle of 45° from the horizontal. Rakes of '1 in 18' to '1 in 48' were more common. Modern stages are constructed with no slope, and the majority of existing raked stages have been renovated into unraked arrangements. Converting the rake ratio to an angle requires the application of some basic trigonometry. The angle in degrees = arcTan (opposite/adjacent), where opposite = the rise, normally 1 and adjacent = the distance this rise occurs over. Example: for a rake of 1:18; arcTan(1/18) = 3.18°

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