Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate as the monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite, found in more than 200 families of plants. They are sharp but tend to be more blunt one end and more tapering at the other, though both ends are needle-like. Raphides are found in specialized plant cells called idioblasts. Electron micrographs have shown that raphide needle cystals are normally four sided or H-shaped (with a groove down both sides) or with a hexagonal cross section and some are barbed. Wattendorf (1976) suggested that all circular sectioned raphides, as visible in a light microscope, are probably hexagonal in cross section.

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