Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A Reference model in systems and software engineering is a model of something that embodies the basic goal or idea of something and can then be looked at as a reference for various purposes.There are many uses for a reference model. One use is to create standards for both the objects that inhabit the model and their relationships to one another. By creating standards, the work of engineers and developers who need to create objects that behave according to the standard is made easier. Software can be written that meets a standard, and developers can copy that software to use it again, or build a software factory that generates that code. When done well, a standard can make use of design patterns that support key qualities of software, such as the ability to extend the software in an inexpensive way.

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