Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been found to silence gene expression by an evolutionally conserved mechanism known as RNA interference or RNAi. Such dsRNAs are called small interfering RNAs or siRNA. RNAi can occur at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Surprisingly, two recent studies have found that dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed "small RNA-induced gene activation" or RNAa. It has been shown that dsRNAs targeting gene promoters induce potent transcriptional activation of associated genes. Both studies demonstrate RNAa in human cells using synthetic dsRNAs termed small activating RNAs (saRNAs). Endogenous miRNA that cause RNAa has also been found in humans. Very recently, RNAa has been demonstrated in several mammalian species other than human including non-human primates, mouse and rat, suggesting that RNAa is a general gene regulation mechanism conserved at least in mammals. It is likely that RNAa also exists in other organisms.

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