High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence or formula refers to itself. The reference may be expressed either directly; through some intermediate sentence or formula; or by means of some encoding. In philosophy, it also refers to the ability of a subject to speak of or refer to himself, herself, or itself: to have the kind of thought expressed by the first person pronoun, the word "I" in English. Self-reference is related to self-reflexivity and apperception. Self-reference is studied and has applications in mathematics, philosophy, computer programming, and linguistics. Self-referential statements sometimes have paradoxical behavior.

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