High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In mathematics, a standard torus is a circular torus of revolution, that is, any surface of revolution generated by rotating a circle in three dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle. When the axis passes through the center of the circle, the torus degenerates into a sphere. This case is normally excluded from the definition. With no further restrictions on the location of the axis in this plane, there are three classes of standard tori: the ring torus, where the axis is disjoint from the circle; the horn torus, where the axis is tangent to the circle; and the spindle torus, where the axis meets the circle in two distinct points. The three classes may also be characterized by the extent of their self-intersection.

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