Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Topography (from Greek topo-, "place", and graphia, "writing") is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons, and asteroids. It is also the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps).The topography of an area can also mean the surface shape and features themselves.In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also vegetative and human-made features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe.

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