Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A vibrating sample magnetometer or VSM is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties invented in 1955 by Simon Foner at Lincoln Laboratory MIT. The paper about his work was published shortly afterward in 1959. A sample is placed inside a uniform magnetic field to magnetize the sample. The sample is then physically vibrated sinusoidally, typically through the use of a piezoelectric material. Commercial systems use linear actuators of some form and historically the development of these systems was done using modified audio speakers, though this approached was dropped due to the interference through the in-phase magnetic noise produced, as the magnetic flux through a nearby pickup coil varies sinusoidally.

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