Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. These stresses, called residual stresses, because they reside within the metal workpiece, rather than as a result of external loading, are caused by rapid, unequal cooling. This unequal cooling occurs during welding, casting, forging, rough machining or hot rolling. These stresses often lead to distortion or warping of the structure during machining, assembly, testing, transport, field-use or over time. In extreme cases, residual stress can cause structural failure.

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