X-ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several spectroscopic techniques for determining the electronic structure of materials by using x-ray excitation. Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn from Uppsala, Sweden (Nobel Prize 1924),REDIRECT Target page name painstakingly produced numerous diamond-ruled glass diffraction gratings for his spectrometers, was one of the pioneers in developing X-ray emission spectroscopy (also called X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). He measured the X-ray wavelengths of many elements to high precision, using high-energy electrons as excitation source. Intense and wavelength-tunable X-rays are now typically generated with synchrotrons. In a material, the X-rays may suffer an energy loss compared to the incoming beam.

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